HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SODIUM BENZOATE AND POTASSIUM SORBATE IN FOOD PRODUCTS
HTML Full TextHPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SODIUM BENZOATE AND POTASSIUM SORBATE IN FOOD PRODUCTS
Sadaf K. Shaikh *, Mallinath S. Kalshetti and Ravikant Y. Patil
Department of Quality Assurance, D. S. T. S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Solapur - 413004, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT: A Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method has been developed and validated for the estimation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food products. The RP-HPLC method for sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate was developed using Luna C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) as stationary phase and acetonitrile: sodium acetate buffer pH 4.3 (20:80) as mobile phase at 1.0 ml/min flow rate and detection was carried out at 235 nm and the methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate have linearity in the concentration range of 1-30 µg/ml in with correlation coefficient (r2= 0.999 & r2=0.999) respectively. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate eluted at 4.9 and 6.9 min, respectively. The values of LOD were 0.59 and 0.39, and LOQ were 1.8 and 1.1 for sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate respectively. Results of assay and validation study are satisfactory. So, the methods can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate.
Keywords: Sodium benzoate, Potassium sorbate, RP-HPLC
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, concern about the importance of food and diet quality has been growing, especially due to the increase in the incidences of diseases that are directly or indirectly related to nutrition habits. As a natural outcome, analysis of food additives came into focus for the assessment of their harmful potentials and quantitative and qualitative value of risks related to their use.
A food additive is defined as a substance or a mixture of substances, which are generally added to processed foods for a specific purpose such as prevention of spoilage, conservation or fortification of color, flavor, texture or control of pH, moisture, crispness, etc. Food additives may be divided into preservatives, artificial sweeteners, colorants, stabilizers etc.1 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) have combined to form a Joint FAO-WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) to evaluate and establish the acceptable daily intake (ADI) which is expressed in milligrams per kilograms of body weight per day.
The most commonly used preservatives in foods are sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, the use of which is limited by the regulating bodies. Sodium benzoate is a widely used food preservative, with an E number of E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions. Commonly reported side effects of sodium benzoate to include: eye irritations, urticaria, abdominal pain, asthma, hypertension, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder, and vomiting. The ADI set by JECFA is 5 mg/kg bw 2.
Potassium sorbate [potassium; (2E, 4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate] is the potassium salt of sorbic acid. It is primarily used as a food preservative, and it is codified as E202. Potassium sorbate is used to inhibit the growth of molds and yeasts in many foods, such as cheese, yogurt, soft drinks and fruit drinks, and baked goods. Allergic symptoms such as itching of the mouth, throat, eyes, skin as well as nasal congestion, runny nose, and abdominal pain usually begin within 2 h after coming in contact with the allergen. The ADI set by JECFA is 25 mg/kg bw 3. Thus, the analytical determination of these preservatives is not only important for quality assurance purposes but also consumer interest and protection. The present work deals with the development and characterization of a rapid and simple HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food products without an extensive sample pre-treatment. The proposed method has excellent performance characteristics, with a real potential to become a powerful tool for food safety.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Materials: Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were obtained as a gift sample from Bimal Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai and GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Hyderabad respectively. Various food products were obtained from the local market. HPLC grade acetonitrile LiChrosolv®, methanol LiChrosolv®, water LiChrosolv®, sodium acetate LiChrosolv®, and glacial acetic acid LiChrosolv® were purchased from Merk Specialities Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.
Instrumentation: The analysis was performed using Younglin Acme 9000 series quaternary gradient pump SP930D. HPLC system with UV 730D UV-Visible detector and 20 µl Rheodyne injector. The data were processed on Autochrom-3000 software. Column C18 (150mm × 4.5mm, 5µ) Phenomenex with UV method analysis was performed on UV-Visible Double Beam spectro-photometer Shimadzu 1800. All chemicals were weighed using Electronic balance AY220 (Shimadzu, Japan). Mobile phase filtered through a nylon 6, 6 membranes 0.45 µm 47 mm filters (Pall India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai) using vacuum pump. Ultra Sonicator (Microlean-103) was used for degassing the mobile phase. The solutions were filtered through a 0.45µ syringe filter (Phenomenex).
Chromatographic Conditions: The chromato-graphic separation was performed using analytical column: Phenomenex C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using mobile phase acetonitrile: sodium acetate buffer pH 4.3 (20:80) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with isocratic elution. The injection volume was 20 μl, and the run time was 10 min. Detection was carried out at 235 nm 4, 5.
Preparation of Standard Stock Solution:
a) Standard Stock Solution of SB: 10 mg of standard SB was weighed and transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask then dissolved in HPLC Water LiChrosolv® and the volume was made up to the mark with water to obtain conc. of 1000 µg/ml of SB and labeled as ‘Std Stock SB.’
b) Standard Stock Solution of PS: 10 mg of standard PS was weighed and transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask then dissolved in HPLC Water LiChrosolv® and the volume was made up to the mark with water to obtain conc. of 1000 µg/ml of PS and labeled as ‘Std Stock PS.’
c) Combined Standard Stock Solution of SB and PS: 1 ml of ‘Std Stock SB’ and 1 ml of ‘Std Stock PS’ was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask and diluted to 10 ml with HPLC Water to get ‘Std Stock MIX SB-PS’ (100 µg/ml SB and 100 µg/ml PS) 6.
Preparation of Samples:
Sample A (Lauki-Amla Juice): 1 ml of sample A was pipetted out and transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water. Further dilution was done by pipetting out 1 ml from the same volumetric flask and transfer to another 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water.
Sample B (Jam): 10 gm of sample B was transferred to a 20 ml beaker. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water. Further dilution was done by pipetting out 2 ml from the same beaker and was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water.
Sample C (Cake): 10 gm of sample C was transferred to a 50 ml beaker. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water. Further dilution was done by pipetting out 1ml from the same beaker and was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water.
Sample D (Fizz Juice): 2 ml of sample D was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume was made up to the mark by HPLC water. All the samples were degassed in an ultrasonicator for 30 min and filtered through a nylon filter membrane (0.45µm) before use 4, 5.
Preparation of Mobile Phase: Mobile phase was prepared by mixing 20 ml of acetonitrile and 80 ml of sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.3) and filtered through 0.45 µm nylon filter using a vacuum pump and ultrasonicated for 30 min for degassing.
Method Validation: The developed analytical method as per the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline it is suitable for the intended purpose concerning various parameters such as specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, robustness, system suitability 6.
Specificity: The chromatogram of a standard solution of a mixture of SB and PS was compared with food products 7.
Linearity: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 ml of ‘Std Stock MIX SBPS’ were transferred in a series of 10ml volumetric flasks. The volume was made up to the mark with HPLC water to obtain the conc. of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 µg/ml of SB and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 µg/ml of PS. The solutions were filtered through a 0.45µ syringe filter, and 20 µl injected into the HPLC system, and their chromatogram was recorded for 10 min under the chromatographic conditions as described above after getting a stable baseline. Peak areas were recorded for all the peaks. Calibration curves of SB and PS were constructed by plotting the peak area of SB vs. conc. of SB and peak area of PS vs. conc. of PS, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r2) of least square linear regression for SB and PS was calculated 8.
Range The range of analytical method was decided from the interval between upper and lower level of calibration curves 9.
Precision 10 µg/ml of SB and 10µg/ml of PS solution was filtered through 0.45 µ syringe filter and 20 µl injected into the HPLC system and its chromatogram was recorded under the same chromatographic conditions after getting a stable baseline. Peak area was recorded. The procedure was repeated for six times 10.
Accuracy 1, 0.5, 0.5, and 2 ml from sample A, B, C, and D respectively were taken and transferred to 10ml volumetric flasks each. The volume was made up to the mark with the mobile phase. Similarly, another 4 sets were prepared with the addition of 1ml of ‘Std Stock MIX SBPS’ in each. All the solutions were filtered through a syringe filter and injected into the HPLC system, and their chromatograms were recorded under the same chromatographic conditions after getting a stable baseline. Peak areas were recorded, and percent recoveries were calculated 11, 12.
Limit of Detection: LOD calculated by the following formulae 13.
LOD = 3.3(SD/S)
Where SD- Standard deviation; S- Slope of Curve
Limit of Quantification: LOQ calculated by the following formulae 14.
LOQ = 10(SD/S)
Where SD- Standard deviation; S- Slope of Curve.
Robustness Combined standard solution of SB (10µg/ml) and PS (10µg/ml) was prepared and analyzed at different flow rates (0.9, 1.0, 1.1 ml/min) and different wavelengths (234, 235, 236 nm) separately 15.
System Suitability Chromatograms were studied for different parameters such as tailing factor, resolution, and theoretical plates to see that whether they comply with the recommended limit or not 16.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: To develop a RP-HPLC method for the combination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, the chromatographic conditions were optimized to find the best conditions. Different mobile phase like acetonitrile, methanol, water, and buffer in varying proportions of mobile phases were tried for better resolution 17, 18, 19. After several combinations of mobile solvents with stationary phase C18, the above method has been optimized, i.e. acetonitrile: sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.3) in the ratio of 20:80 respectively using C18 column which has given good resolution, capacity factor, and acceptable system suitability. The chromatographic peak of both drugs is identified by overlaying individual drug with chromatograph of the mixture. Both drugs eluted within 10 min, which reduces the analysis time and cost 20.
FIG. 3: CHROMATOGRAM OF COMBINATION OF SB (10 µg/ml) AND PS (10 µg/ml) IN OPTIMIZED CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
Accuracy:
TABLE 1: ACCURACY FOR RP-HPLC METHOD
S. no. | Sample no. | Level of Recovery | Amount of sample
(ml) |
Amount of Standard Drug Added (µg/ml) | Total Amount Found (µg/ml) | Amount Recovered (µg/ml) | %
Recovery |
||||
SB | PS | SB | PS | SB | PS | SB | PS | ||||
1 | A | 0% | 1 | 10 | 10 | 11.38 | 8.38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100% | 11.38 | 8.38 | 19.86 | 17.35 | 97.7 | 98.8 | |||||
2 | B | 0% | 0.5 | 10 | 10 | 2.31 | 1.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100% | 2.31 | 1.15 | 11.19 | 10.40 | 101.1 | 102.2 | |||||
3 | C | 0% | 0.5 | 10 | 10 | - | 14.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100% | - | 14.21 | 8.61 | 24.39 | 98.6 | ||||||
4 | D | 0% | 2 | 10 | 10 | 23.86 | 2.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100% | 23.86 | 2.68 | 32.2 | 11.91 | 98 | 102.2 |
Precision:
TABLE 2: RESULTS OF REPEATABILITY STUDY FOR SB AND PS
Inj. | Peak Area (mV)of SB | Peak Area(mV)of PS |
1 | 516 | 860 |
2 | 500 | 838 |
3 | 524 | 846 |
4 | 520 | 860 |
5 | 525 | 860 |
6 | 524 | 865 |
SD | 9.5 | 10.3 |
RSD | 1.83 | 1.2 |
Limit of Detection:
TABLE 3: LIMIT OF DETECTION DATA OF SB AND PS
SB | PS | |
LOD (μg/ml) | 0.59 | 0.39 |
Limit of Quantitation:
TABLE 4: LIMIT OF DETECTION DATA OF SB AND PS
SB | PS | |
LOQ (μg/ml) | 1.80 | 1.19 |
Robustness:
TABLE 5: RESULT OF ROBUSTNESS STUDY: VARIATION IN FLOW RATE (ml/min)
Flow Rate (ml/min) | Analyte | Retention Time (min) | Tailing Factor (T) | Theoretical Plates (N) | Resolution
(R) |
0.9 | SB | 5.2 | 1.2 | 8457 | 2.9 |
PS | 7.5 | 1.1 | 10987 | 8.7 | |
1.0 | SB | 4.8 | 0.8 | 8823 | 2.6 |
PS | 6.8 | 1.1 | 10713 | 8.6 | |
1.1 | SB | 4.4 | 1.2 | 8400 | 1.3 |
PS | 6.3 | 1.1 | 10912 | 8.9 |
TABLE 6: RESULT OF ROBUSTNESS STUDY: VARIATION IN WAVELENGTH (nm)
Wavelength
(nm) |
Analyte | Retention Time (min) | Tailing Factor (T) | Theoretical Plates (N) | Resolution (R) |
234 | SB | 4.8 | 1.3 | 7428 | 065 |
PS | 6.9 | 1.1 | 10624 | 8.59 | |
235 | SB | 4.8 | 0.8 | 8823 | 2.69 |
PS | 6.9 | 1.1 | 10713 | 8.6 | |
236 | SB | 4.8 | 1.1 | 9162 | 1.3 |
PS | 6.9 | 1.1 | 11197 | 9 |
System Suitability Testing:
TABLE 7: RESULTS OF SYSTEM SUITABILITY PARAMETERS
Analyte | Retention Time (min) | Tailing Factor (T) | Theoretical Plates (N) | Resolution (R) |
SB | 4.8 | 0.84 | 8823.5 | 2.69 |
PS | 6.9 | 1.18 | 10713.2 | 8.60 |
Required limits | -- | T < 2 | N > 2000 | R >2 |
CONCLUSION: This research was aimed to extract and evaluate the amount of preservatives in various food products. The proposed method was RP-HPLC, which was found to be appropriate due to its simplicity, reliability, sensitivity, rapidness, and selectivity for detection at very low concentrations. It could recognize the preservatives at one wavelength in less than 10 min and involves minimal sample preparation. The recoveries were within 97-102%, which implies that the method is accurate. It was found that sample C (cake) exceeded the permissible limit of preservative and was not by the limits set by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India and CODEX STAN 192-1995. However, the other 3 samples complied with the limits satisfactorily. In conclusion, the HPLC method is a simple, accurate, reliable, and reproducible method for simultaneous estimation of SB and PS in food products. Optimum values of the retention time, pH, flow rate, and mobile phase ratio for good separation of the analytes were determined. The optimized HPLC methods were validated and based on the results obtained the proposed method is found to be linear, precise and accurate. Validation data demonstrates that this method can be used in routine analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in various food products.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thank the management D. S. T. S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Solapur for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the research work. The authors also thank Bimal Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, and GlaxoSmithKline Hyderabad for providing the gift sample of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Shaikh SK, Kalshetti MS and Patil RY: HPLC method development for simultaneous estimation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food products. Int J Life Sci & Rev 2018; 4(5): 88-93. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(5).88-93.
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Article Information
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English
IJLSR
S. K. Shaikh *, M. S. Kalshetti and R. Y. Patil
Department of Quality Assurance, D. S. T. S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
sdfshk94@gmail.com
11 March 2018
02 May 2018
25 May 2018
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(5).88-93
31 May 2018