TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY BY SONOBANDAGE: A MINI REVIEW

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY BY SONOBANDAGE: A MINI REVIEW

Pawan Kant ^{* 1}, Naveen Kumar Navani ¹, Rohit Kumar Bijauliya ² and Dilip Kumar Chanchal ²

Department of Biotechnology ¹, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand,

India.

Department of Pharmacognosy ², Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi - 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: Over the last decade, the public has become increasingly aware of the potentially dangerous, systemic side effects of pain medication.  Even readily available over-the-counter drugs like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin can cause serious damage to the digestive system as a result of long term usage and/or high dosage. A possible alternative to pills for pain relief is transdermal drug delivery, the transfer of drugs across the skin. Transdermal delivery has the advantage of keeping the drug in the area where it is applied, allowing for a reduced total dose compared to a pill, but there are challenges with the method.  The skin evolved as a highly efficient barrier to keep foreign substances out.  After a drug gets through the skin, there is the problem of assuring drug is delivered evenly in an effective dose. Current transdermal drug delivery methods such as aspirin creams use chemical enhancers to allow the drugs to pass through the skin.  The amount of aspirin that is absorbed by the body is still limited, however, and may not provide adequate pain relief. Faced with these challenges, there is a great deal of interest in researching new drug delivery methods for pain relief, which are administered locally and may not have the same systemic side effects as oral medications.

Keywords: Sonobandage, Transdermal drug delivery, Advantage and Application

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as valuable as most wanted. To advance such characters transdermal drug delivery system has emerged. The first transdermal drug delivery (TDD) system, Transderm-Scop developed in 1980, contained the drug scopolamine for treatment of motion sickness.

The transdermal device is a membrane-moderated system. The membrane in this system is a microporous polypropylene film. The drug reservoir is a solution of the drug in a mixture of mineral oil and polyisobutylene. This study release is maintained over three days. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected. 82% of CVD deaths take place in low and middle-income countries and occur almost equally in men and women. To deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects of the cardiovascular/ antihypertensive diseases, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered ^{1, 2, 3, 4}.

Sonobandage: Sonobandage technology developed by the US Company ZetrOZ. The sonobandage is a high-efficiency ultrasound generation system with closely coupled electronics, transducer, and lithium-polymer rechargeable battery. Sonobandage systems were designed to operate from 100 kHz to 3 MHz and work in conjunction with a disposable ultrasound coupling and drug-loaded hydrogel ⁵. The ultrasound device is a lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT-8), silver-plated piezocrystal composite. The back is an electronic circuit housed in an epoxy-resin wire connected to either a lithium-polymer battery or a 2-10 V power supply that regulates ultrasound output intensity. The main thing is adhesive bandage that is made up of cotton of plain weaved. It gives support medication and other things on the object. And it has a semipermeable membrane in the center for the diffusion of drug ⁶.

FIG. 1: ULTRASOUND PRODUCING DEVICE CO IN BATTERY ⁸

FIG. 2: (A) THE SONOBANDAGE WITH THE ULTRASOUND DEVICE CLIPPED INTO IT.  (B)  THE SONOBANDAGE, AS IT, WOULD APPEAR BEFORE ATTACHING THE ULTRASOUND DEVICE ⁸

FIG. 3: (A) SALICYLIC ACID MIGRATION THROUGH A SKIN MEMBRANE FROM A SOURCE (LEFT) INTO FOUR STACKED DISKS WITHOUT ULTRASOUND. (B) SALICYLIC MIGRATION THROUGH A SKIN-LIKE MEMBRANE WITH ULTRASOUND. EACH DISC ON THE RIGHT IS DARKER IN COLOR THAN THE ONE ABOVE IT, INDICATING MORE SALICYLIC ACID ⁸

 The Sonobandage uses a novel type of ultrasound gel that can be loaded with medication. The miniature ultrasound device (about the size of an iPod nano) clips into the sonobandage and produces continuous oscillating sound pressure waves that deliver the medication through the skin over multiple hours ⁷. Using the sonobandage system enhanced the ability of salicylic acid, the active form of aspirin, to cross over a bio-mimic skin model by 2400% Fig. 2. Another positive aspect of the ultrasound sono-bandage system is that it promoted an even distribution of medication over the entire treatment volume ⁸.

Experiment which shows Diffusion of Salicylic Acid through the PEO Hydrogel (Mass Transport Experiment): The hydrogel disks that had been stacked as the tissue analog were separated carefully using tweezers. The tweezers were rinsed to prevent transfer. Each disk was immersed in 25 ml 0.1% iron (III) chloride for 90 sec The Fe³⁺ ion reacted with phenols to create a brightly colored violet complex. Developed disk stacks showed areas of deep purple, where salicylic acid had penetrated. These stacks were imaged. The area and intensity of the purple color were quantified using Image. To control for variability in pictures or camera position, each experiment was normalized. The intensity of the purple color in each disk was divided by the intensity in the source disk, creating a relative intensity scale from 0 to 1.

FIG. 4: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTING THE CONFIGURATION OF THE FOUR DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATIONS PERFORMED. EACH CONFIGURATION WAS PERFORMED USING 3 DIFFERENT ULTRASOUND SETTINGS, AND FOR BOTH 1 h AND 4 h TREATMENT DURATIONS ⁸

Additionally, the area stained purple on each disk was measured, and the overall disk area, 8 cm², was used to convert from a pixel area to a stained area. Additionally, the volume stained could be estimated by multiplying the area stained on each disk by 2 mm, the thickness of the disks. To estimate the total amount of salicylic acid that had transferred into each disk, the area (cm²) which was stained was multiplied by the relative intensity of the stain. The total salicylic acid delivery into the tissue analog was the sum of the salicylic acid over all of the disks ^{9, 10}.

Advantages:

• In sonobandage, NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) is used so no side effect and give quick pain relief.
• Oral medication may give side effect and damage the digestive system but sonobandage no side effect and do not damage the digestive system.
• It gives action in less time respect to oral medication ¹¹.
• It increases the permeability of the stratum cornium skin layer and diffuses the drug by transdermal pores.

Applications:

• Transdermal drug delivery by sonobandage to improve the quality of care provided to patients with PN (Peripheral Neuropathy).
• It gives quick pain relief on a subject by transdermal drug delivery.
• It also used blood-brain disruption and delivery of therapeutic molecules into the brain ¹¹.

CONCLUSION: Transdermal drug delivery systems represent a beneficial innovation for drug delivery, particularly in patients who cannot swallow or remember to take their medications. Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers many advantages over conventional oral and invasive methods of drug delivery. Salicylic acid delivery through skin and soft tissue analog was measured with and without ultrasound exposure. Both low and high-frequency ultrasound enhanced transport of salicylic acid through the membrane. So ultrasound waves increase the transmission of salicylic acid through the skin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thankful with our deepest core of heart to Mr. Rohit Kumar Bijauliya, for his valuable guidance.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Kant P, Navani NK, Bijauliya RK and Chanchal DK: Transdermal drug delivery by sonobandage: A mini review. Int J Life Sci & Rev 2018; 4(9): 172-75. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(9).172-75.

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